GOLDBERG, EMANUEL

GOLDBERG, EMANUEL (1881–1970), photographic scientist. Goldberg was born in Moscow and graduated from Moscow University before moving to Leipzig, where he obtained his doctorate in photochemistry (1906). After appointments at the University of Leipzig and the Military Academy of Berlin, he moved to Dresden (1917), where he became managing director of the Zeiss Ikon optical company and professor at the Technical University. He was kidnapped by the Nazis but his employers recognized his inventive genius and arranged his release into exile in Paris (1933), where he worked in their subsidiary company. He immigrated to Palestine (1937), where he established a laboratory for precision instruments which became the basis of the optical industry in Israel. Goldberg was a pioneer in many photographic and related fields, notably high-resolution microfilms, microdot technology, hand-held movie cameras, sound movies, television, and electronic systems for document storing and retrieval. He worked on military applications of his inventions for the Allied governments in World War II and for the Haganah and the Israeli government. Goldberg's original contributions were recognized by the award of the Peligot Medal by the French Photographic Society (1931) but were subsequently obscured by the Nazis and Communists for political reasons and by later inventors anxious to establish their own priority. He was awarded the Israel Prize for exact sciences (1968). (Michael Denman (2nd ed.)